A search for new physics using events containing an imbalance in transverse momentum and one or more energetic jets arising from initial-state radiation or the hadronic decay of $W$ or $Z$ bosons is presented. A data sample of proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}$, collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $35.9\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, is used. The observed data are found to be in agreement with the expectation from standard model processes. The results are interpreted as limits on the dark matter production cross section in simplified models with vector, axial-vector, scalar, and pseudoscalar mediators. Interpretations in the context of fermion portal and nonthermal dark matter models are also provided. In addition, the results are interpreted in terms of invisible decays of the Higgs boson and set stringent limits on the fundamental Planck scale in the Arkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos, and Dvali model with large extra spatial dimensions.