In September 1910 Irishman Roger Casement arrived in Putumayo, appointed by the British Foreign Office to investigate allegations against the Peruvian Amazon Company, better known as the Casa Arana, on the mistreatment of indigenous populations and the terror they sowed among them. After a judicious investigation, Casement produced a shocking document published by the British Parliament, which became known as the Casement Report or the Report of Putumayo. The Casement findings are fundamental to our Amazon history, enabling us to know and understand the rubber boom and the indigenous holocaust of the first three decades of the twentieth century, in what today is Putumayo. This book commemorates the publication of the Report to recognize how this impacted crucially on the history of the Amazon and its inhabitants. From the academic perspective and innovative approaches we are reconciled with those who are heirs of the victims —and perhaps the victims— of the rubber ethnocide.