This literature review sought to collect information on complications of parenteral use of heroin. Scientific articles, reviews, and case reports were selected from Scielo, Lilacs, and Medline databases. Heroin is a psychoactive substance and its use has mental and physical health consequences; among the most common physical consequences are blood-borne infectious diseases such as HIV, hepatitis B and C, skin infections, tuberculosis, pulmonary embolism, and renal disease. Other frequent complications include mental disorders, such as depression, personality disorders, and the concomitant abuse of other substances, such as cannabis and cocaine. It is important for nurses to be aware of the complications of heroin use in order to plan comprehensive processes and develop nursing programs that reduce the risks and harm resulting from use of the substance.