Abstract After more than 40 years of civil conflict in Colombia, Latin America’s second most populous country, government, and guerrillas are now engaged in peace dialogues, seeking ways to end the conflict. This conflict has affected the lives of many families, with an impact on the self-identities of parents and children. This chapter will outline this background, and then present the results of the first author’s recent doctoral study, which was undertaken in a school located in a deprived neighborhood of Bogotá, the capital city of Colombia, and which investigated the effects of a specially-designed music program on the self-identities of some of these children. This research found significant differences between experimental and control groups on the cognitive component of tests of children´s self-esteem, suggesting that musical (singing) activities have a positive effect on children’s self-identities. The results also indicated that musical activities of the family and the cultural environment play a key role in children´s musical identities.