Abstract The chapter reviews the literature on large-scale violence and population displacement with three specific objectives in mind. First, it discusses how strategies adopted by armed actors and victims influence household decisions to migrate. Second, it explores why some households decide to stay on in conflict regions. Third, it reviews the literature on the socioeconomic and behavioral consequences of violent conflict, distinguishing between the consequences for those who migrate as opposed to those who stay. Among other findings, we discover that aid policies are overwhelmingly aimed at populations who leave conflict regions, even as the people who stay (voluntarily or for lack of opportunity) suffer at least equally high consequences as those who leave.