The infections associated with mechanical ventilation are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Limited studies report increased mortality and ICU stay, requirement for mechanical ventilation and higher costs in ventilator-associated Tracheobronchitis (TAV) in comparison to patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (NAV). These studies do not describe the clinical and epidemiological behavior in the same population as independent entities, so it is necessary to describe the epidemiology of patients with TAV and NAV.