Evaluating the role of the main factors associated with high-risk cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in women from the Cauca Department in Colombia.After signing a consent-form, women were interviewed to obtain socio-demographic and lifestyle data. A cervical biopsy was performed on each woman for histopathological diagnosis (cases) and a sample of exfoliated cells (cases and controls) to extract DNA for HPV detection by polymerase chain reaction. A total of 98 cases and 109 controls, matched by age and ethnicity, were recruited for the study.The study confirmed association between HPV and the risk of cervical neoplasia (OR = 19.0; 95% CI = 8.20-44.2). The data suggested that multiparity (OR = 4.1; 95% CI = 1.62-10.6) and exposure to carcinogens present in wood-smoke (OR = 7.3; 95% CI = 3.00-19.4) are important co-factors for cervical neoplasia given the presence of HPV.These results provide valuable information for public health institutions to develop better cervical neoplasia prevention programmes.