Introduction: High levels of air pollution increase respiratory morbidity in children under five years of age.Objective: To know the incidence of respiratory symptoms and its associated factors in five localities of Bogota.Materials and methods: A dynamic cohort study was undertaken with a sample size of 3,278 children from five localities split into two groups according to the degree of exposure to particulate matter. Monitoring was conducted at the outbreak of ten respiratory symptoms through a diary of those symptoms. Statistical analysis included incidence rate ratio (IRR) calculations and Poisson regression models for each assessed symptom.Results: Cough was more frequent in the highly exposed group (lRR=1.23, Cl 95% 1.13-1.34). The most exposed group had higher incidence of expectoration (lRR=1.64, Cl= 95% 1.47-1.84). Wheezing was associated with high exposure to particulate matter (RR=2.29, Cl 95% 1.78-3.00), cottage industries (RR=1.29, Cl 95% 1.01-1.68) and age (RR=0.95, Cl 95% 0.94-0.96). Risk attributable to air pollution exposure fluctuated according to symptoms from 37% for nocturnal wheezing (Cl 95% 26-47.8) to 10.6 for cough (Cl 95% 6.3-15%).Conclusion: Extradomiciliary air pollution effects are potentiated by socioeconomic living and working conditions of people in Bogota. A broader conceptual public health approach and the strengthening of intersector actions are required to reduce health effects of air pollution.