Abstract Some effects of fisheries on the associated biological systems are reviewed and management options and their inherent risks are considered. In addition to the effects on target species, other sensitive groups impacted by fishing are considered including marine mammals, turtles, sea birds, elasmobranchs and some invertebrates with low reproductive rates. Other impacts discussed include the destruction of benthic habitat, the provision of unnatural sources of food and the generation of debris. Management options are considered including the designation of marine protected areas, risk aversion, and the burden of proof. A balanced consideration of the risks and consequences of ‚Type 1’︁ and ‚Type II’︁ errors is advocated.