Over the past century, the geosciences have developed an impressive capability to understand and anticipate events occurring within the Earth system.The past decade has seen an explosion in quantitative geoscience. Progress is continuing to accelerate as advances in observational systems and computational tools are allowing simulations and predictions of geophysical processes with a temporal and spatial resolution unprecedented in human history. With these advances comes the necessity to reflect on the current state of geoscientific research, to reassess the direction in which research should be progressing, and to redefine the goals that can be realistically achieved.