Large animals treated with immunosuppressive drugs for preclinical experiments of transplantation have increased risks of infection, which can be compounded by the induction of diabetes if islet transplantation is planned.We report our experience with severe sepsis in two young cynomolgus monkeys and five pigs that were subjected to diabetes induction, immunosuppressive therapy, or islet allotransplantation.In two monkeys and five pigs, infection was associated with a syndrome of profound hypoglycemia accompanied by severe acidosis, which was resistant to treatment. We do not believe that this syndrome has been reported previously by others.Despite treatment, this syndrome complicated the interpretation of blood glucose readings as a measure of islet graft function and resulted in death or the need for euthanasia in all seven animals. We tentatively suggest that the syndrome may be related to the presence of microorganisms that metabolize glucose and produce lactate.