We describe and illustrate Aristolochia subglobosa, a new species assigned to subseries Anthocaulicae. The subseries is characterized by the presence of extremely short and cauliflorous racemes in which each flower is subtended by a small bract. The new species is related to A. bahiensis, A. daemoninoxia and A. guentheri. So far, A. subglobosa is the second species of this subseries known to occur in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil.