The pentavalent antimonial compounds Glucantime and Pentostam are the first line drugs used in anti-Leishmania treatment. However, no in vivo studies have compared the efficacy and toxicity of these drugs where host variability has been controlled. Biochemical studies of Leishmania have detected differences between the two drugs with regard to DNA topoisomerase I inhibition, a phenomenon that possibly impacts treatment efficacy. To evaluate the clinical efficacy, hamsters were infected intradermally in the right hind foot with 10(6) promastigotes of a wild type or luciferase-transfected Leishmania panamensis. At three weeks post-inoculation, the animals were treated intramuscularly with either Glucantime or Pentostam (30, 60 or 120 mg SbV/kg per day for 20 days). To evaluate parasitological efficacy a luminometry assay was standardized for quantitation of amastigotes in hamster tissues. To evaluate toxicity, hamsters were treated intramuscularly with Glucantime or Pentostam (120, 160 or 240 mg SbV/kg per day for 20 days). Animals inoculated with either of the parasite strains and treated with either drug, showed a similar rate of lesion reduction, as compared to untreated controls (p