Oil palm Elaeis guineesis Jacq. is of great importance because of the oil extracted from its fruits, whose refined derivatives are commercially valuable as biodiesel, among others uses. This study sought to determine the structure and genetic diversity of 311 oil palm samples from the Republic of Cameroon with 10 microsatellite markers. The results showed values for the average number of alleles per locus of Na= 8.433 and effective number of alleles per locus of Ne= 4.756; from the differences between these values, it can be inferred that the 106 alleles found for these populations could be considered rare alleles. Additionally the value of genetic diversity was high (mean value of He= 0.781) compared to reports of several authors. The obtained molecular variance showed that the highest percentage (80 %) was found within the individuals. The analysis did not show any defined population structure, which allowed us to infer a high gene flow among the geographic zones, corroborated it by the high genetic diversity values obtained. The 311 genotypes were defined as a heterogeneous heterozygous natural population suitable to increase the genetic base of oil palm cultivated populations.