Latin American countries (countries in Latin America from Guatemala southwards to the southern tip of South America) can be characterized as undergoing a transition from rural-based economies into more manufacturing based economies. Climate change, as a coming reality, turns into a critical point to address, in particular for very vulnerable areas with extreme climatic conditions and occupied by rural poor with limited access to technologies. Rainfall increases are expected in many parts of the continent, but yet again it is Central America and Caribbean countries that are predicted to receive the greatest reductions in precipitation. These changes do require the urgent definition of adaptation actions to cope with negative impacts. However, the impacts of these changes on crop production are largely unknown and research is needed to further understand the complex crop responses to climate changes both in terms of variability and long-term average climates. Substantial difficulties for local and regional decision making processes and therefore adaptation measures development and implementation arise from the considerable vulnerability of the region and the far ample knowledge gaps on climate change impacts over the region. However, the current data indicates expected increases (or very little decreases) in some of the major commodities in the continent (e.g. soybean, cassava) as well as reductions in most other crops (e.g. beans, bananas, potatoes). Research must work towards better estimations of impacts on crop production, whilst crop specialists must examine different adaptation options to address the specific issues. Given the high heterogeneity in production landscapes in Latin America, multiple adaptation measures must be developed and implemented in a site-specific manner.