The identification of the species that comprise the Mycobacterium genus is one of the best documented examples of scientific development and technology. Approximately 150 species are currently recognized that, besides comprising a genus because of structural and biochemical similarities, exhibit a great variety of characteristics that permit the establishment of differential patterns in order to identify and characterize them, or to establish clusters or complexes. At the present time it is insufficient for the performance of tests that would determine if a given specie belongs to the Mycobacterium genus. There is clearly a pressing need to establish its membership in a group or complex, and to determine its specie and genetic characterization so as to permit a comparison of characteristics such as frequency and distribution at a global level.