Impacts of structural changes on Spain's regional division of labor, economic growth, and interregional disparities are analyzed with long-series economic and population data. Three distinct time periods show contrasts in regional structure and development policies as growth gave way to crisis and then recovery. Changes in interregional disparities were mostly a function of spatial population redistribution, driven by the sectoral real-location of labor and employment and by differences in each sector's spatial orientation. Spain's experience has important implications for the future of the European Economic Community's regions and its policies, as a federal Europe emerges and attempts to reduce disparities between its member nations.