Recent studies of the ecological niche profile of major African malaria vectors demonstrated that the habitats of An. gambiae, An. arabiensis, and An.funestus have more overlap with each other than with the habitat of An. nili and An.moucheti [4][5][6][7].This results in an unusual geographic distribution of An. nili and An.moucheti (Figure 1), revealing their crucial role in malaria transmission in forested and degraded forest areas of equatorial Africa [8][9][10][11][12][13].Unique aspects of ecological adaptation and behaviour can, in part, explain the increased vectorial capacity of the species in these environments and might protect them from conventional vector control tools targeting highly endophilic and endophagic mosquito species [3,14].Moreover, the recent findings of circulation of Plasmodium falciparum along with other Plasmodium species in great apes and monkeys [15][16][17] raise concerns about pathogen transfer between humans and primates and further highlight the need to improve our knowledge of forest malaria vectors.In this chapter, we review knowledge gained so far on mosquitoes from An. moucheti and closely related species, as well as the An.nili complex.We highlight specific bionomical,