Un indicador de la actual crisis civilizatoria es la alta dependencia en el petroleo. Asi, los agrocombustibles se han presentado como transicion sostenible para superar esta situacion, y simultaneamente, combatir el cambio climatico y promover el desarrollo rural. Sin embargo su produccion ha generado la emergencia de conflictos socioambientales en territorios locales. Este articulo caracteriza el modelo de produccion de los agrocombustibles en el marco de la estrategia de desarrollo neoextractivista. Ademas, analiza desde una perspectiva de la Ecologia Politica las disputas territoriales en el municipio de Maria la Baja, Colombia, donde la produccion de aceite de palma ha crecido masivamente durante la ultima decada. Abstract High oil dependency and the hegemony of resource intensive life style and production patterns within the Western Hemisphere are indicators of multiple crises phenomena, such as the climate and energy crisis. In this context, agrofuels have been presented as a triple solution to fight climate change, reduce oil dependency, and promote rural development. Nevertheless, the promotion of agrofuels at the global scale has lead to the emergence of socio-environmental conflicts at the local scale. From a transnational perspective, this paper characterizes the production of agrofuels as a particular form of a “neo-extractive” development model. Besides, from a political-ecological perspective, the article offers an analysis of the territorial transformation processes and disputes in the municipality of Maria la Baja, Colombia, where the production of palmoil has been expanding during the last decade.