To identify the effects of transculturation on traditional swidden-fallow agriculture in the Amazon (basic unit: the chagra), a comparative study was undertaken in two communities of the ethnicity Murui-Muinane in the Colombian Amazon: San Rafael (far from any urban center) and Km. 11 (near the city of Leticia), where 14 and 11 chagras were sampled, respectively. Ethnobotanical walks and collections were carried out to document diversity and abundance of planted species (excludes weeds). In San Rafael and Km. 11, 129 and 91 species were found, respectively, and seven use categories were identified. ”Food” was the most important category in both communities, followed by Income (Km. 11) and Medicine (San Rafael). Use of the Salience and Byg & Balslev indices highlight differences in the species considered important by the two communities. The effects of transculturation on biodiversity and its uses are much greater in Km. 11 than in San Rafael.