Banana and plantain (Musa spp.) are among the world's major food crops, and provide a staple food for millions of people in the developing world. By the 2020s, climate is expected to become less suitable for banana production in many tropical lowland areas and more suitable in many sub-tropical and highland zones. Changes in climate will influence the population dynamics of black leaf streak (BLS) and possibly other major diseases, such as Fusarium wilt and banana bunchy top disease. Genetic modifications can be used to manage impacts, and future work should focus on improving cultivar response to drought, tolerance to heat and temperature extremes, and resistance to diseases. More rapid and local responses, however, can be achieved with changes in cropping practices: changes in irrigation regimes, improvement of soil physical properties, shifts to shorter cycle and annual replanting and intercropping. Migration of production areas can also be anticipated in some critical cases.