Three species of Leprocaulon Nyl. ex Lamy are recognized in Venezuela, viz. L. microscopicum (Vill.) Gams ex D. Hawksw. (Andes, new to Venezuela), L. arbuscula (Nyl.) Nyl. (new to Amazonas; Andes) and L. congestum (Nyl.) Lamb & Ward (Andes). Special attention has been paid to the morphology and the secondary chemistry of each species. Two earlier reported species of Leprocaulon are excluded from the flora of Venezuela: L. gracilescens (Nyl.) I. M. Lamb & A. Ward is reduced to a chemical strain of L. albicans (Th. Fr.) Nyl. ex Hue, and L. pseudoarbuscula (Asah.) Lamb. & Ward is reduced to a chemical strain of L. arbuscula.