Worldwide, asthma is the most common chronic disease of the lower respiratory tract in children, and, as a public health problem, it may affect people of all ages. Its control involves not only the recognition and diagnosis of the disease, but also the specific treatment and compliance to it. The latter is defined as the reasonable understanding by the patient of the need for treatment and its different possibilities, followed by appropriate actions. It has also been defined as the degree of cooperation and agreement between the physician and the patient concerning the therapeutic regimen, characterized by the patient’s understanding of and adherence to the scheme, including adequate medical patient communication. In developed countries adherence to treatment of asthma patients can be as low as 50 %, and in developing countries it may be even lower. Factors that influence therapeutic compliance in asthma depend on the patient, the physician, the relationship between them, the prescribed treatment, the patient-pharmacist, and the physician-pharmacist relationships, the structure of the health system, the community and the family.